Define homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain internal stability and balance, despite external changes.
Compare positive and negative feedback.
Positive feedback is a mechanism that amplifies a response, leading to an increase in the same direction.
Negative feedback, on the other hand, is a mechanism that maintains stability and reduces the response leading to a return to the set point.
What are the levels of organization in the body? Cells->tissues->……..
The levels of organization in the body are cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism as a whole.
What are the four types of tissues, examples, and their functions?
The four types of tissues are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous. Epithelial tissue lines body cavities and covers body surfaces, connective tissue binds and supports body parts, muscular tissue allows for movement, and nervous tissue is responsible for receiving, interpreting, and producing responses to stimuli.
What are squamous cells?
Squamous cells are flattened irregularly shaped cells with tapered edges.
What do the terms simple, stratified and pseudostratified mean?
Simple, stratified, and pseudostratified refer to the number of layers of cells in epithelial tissue. Simple epithelia have a single layer of cells, stratified epithelia have 2 or more layers of cells, and pseudostratified epithelia appear to have 2 or more layers but only have one.
Connective tissue with a fluid matrix?
A connective tissue with a fluid matrix is blood.
What is an osteocyte?
An osteocyte is a mature bone cell.
Skeletal muscle characteristics?
Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that are striated.
Which muscles are striated?
- Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that are striated.
Which type of cell produces and conducts electrical impulses?
The type of cell that produces and conducts electrical impulses is the neuron.
Digestive/Nervous Systems
What is chyme?
Chyme is the semi-fluid mass of partially digested food that moves from the stomach to the duodenum.
What is the passageway for both food and air?
The pharynx is the passageway for both food and air.
What is the function of the epiglottis?
The epiglottis covers the glottis (opening into the trachea) and keeps food from entering the air passages during swallowing.
Where does the digestion of starch begin?
Digestion of starch begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase.
Where is bile produced and stored? What is jaundice?
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
Jaundice is a condition caused by liver malfunctions, resulting in yellowing of the skin due to an abnormally large amount of bilirubin in the blood.
What do villi microvilli do in the small intestine?
Villi and microvilli in the small intestine increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients and contain digestive enzymes.
Where does most nutrient absorption take place?
Most nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine.
In what form is excess glucose stored in the liver?
Excess glucose is stored in the liver in the form of glycogen.
What are the major organs of the GI tract? What are accessory organs?
The major organs of the GI tract are the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
What is peristalsis?
Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of muscles in the digestive tract that propels food and chyme through the digestive system.
Does a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids obtained from various types of fish is recommended to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?
A diet high in omega-3 fatty acids obtained from various types of fish is recommended to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
What are the functions of the human nervous system?
The human nervous system is responsible for receiving, interpreting, and producing responses to stimuli, as well as coordinating body activities.
The central nervous system is composed of? The peripheral nervous system is composed of?
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of all nerves and ganglia that lie outside the central nervous system.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic are divisions of what?
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
The somatic system controls?
The somatic system controls sensory and motor functions that involve skeletal muscle.
What are meninges?
Meninges are three protective layers of membranes that wrap the spinal cord and brain.
What are axons and dendrites?
Axons and dendrites are extensions of neurons. Axons carry electrical impulses away from the cell body, while dendrites carry impulses toward the cell body.
The connection space between the dendrite of one cell and the axon of another cell is called a(n)?
The connection space between the dendrite of one cell and the axon of another cell is called a synapse.
What are neurotransmitters?
Neurotransmitters are molecules that cross the synaptic cleft and either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.
What hemisphere of the brain is associated with analytical reasoning? Associated with artistic and musical ability.?
The left hemisphere of the brain is associated with analytical reasoning, while the right hemisphere is associated with artistic and musical ability.
What does the hypothalamus do?
- The hypothalamus is an integrating center that maintains homeostasis and controls the pituitary gland.
What does the limbic system do?
The limbic system integrates higher mental functions and primitive emotions, providing reasoning to keep us from acting out strong feelings.
Correlation, association and learning occur in the?
Correlation, association, and learning occur in the cerebrum, which is the largest portion of the brain in humans.
What part of the brain controls the pituitary gland?
- The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland.
The part of the brain that integrates sensory input from the eyes, ears, muscles, and joins with motor information from the cerebral cortex is the?
The cerebrum integrates sensory input from the eyes, ears, muscles, and joins with motor information from the cerebral cortex.
The primary functions of the spinal cord are?
The primary functions of the spinal cord are to act as a center for many reflex actions and to facilitate communication between the brain and spinal nerves.
What is a reflex action?
A reflex action is an automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus.
What structure in the mammalian brain is enlarged and is responsible for higher mental processes?
The forebrain of mammals is greatly enlarged and is responsible for higher mental processes.
Musculoskeletal
Type of muscle that contracts and cause bones to move?
The musculoskeletal system consists of muscles and the skeletal system. The type of muscle that contracts and causes bones to move is skeletal muscle.
Two types of muscle that is striated?
Two types of muscle that are striated are skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.
What is acetylcholine?
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that excites skeletal muscle but inhibits cardiac muscle.
Myofibrils have thin filaments made of____(actin)____ and thick filaments of (myosin)________.
What provides energy for muscle contraction?
ATP
What parts are in the axial skeleton?
skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
Describe compact bone.
a dense, hard type of bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones.
What do osteoclasts and osteoblasts do?
Osteoclasts are cells that break down bone tissue, while osteoblasts are cells that build new bone tissue.
What attaches muscle to bone?
Tendon
What are the common types of joints in the human body?
Common types of joints in the human body include hinge joints, ball-and-socket joints, and pivot joints.
Cardiovascular:
What do trachea, lungs, diaphragm, alveoli and capillaries do in the respiratory system?
Trachea:the windpipe, allow air to pass to and from the lungs during breathing.
Lung : exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Diaphragm: contracting and relaxing to change the volume of the thoracic cavity
Alveoli are tiny air sacs within the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
Capillaries: are small blood vessels that connect arteries and veins.
What does the term respiration mean?
the process of taking in oxygen from the environment and releasing carbon dioxide from the body's cells.
What happens when a person suffers from emphysema?
destruction of the alveoli, leading to difficulty in breathing and reduced oxygen exchange.
During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes______?
How does air enter the lungs from the mouth?
through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea.
How does the exchange of gases between lungs and the blood occur?
through the process of diffusion. In the lungs, gas exchange takes place between the air and the blood within the alveoli.
Compare an open and closed circulatory system.
in an open circulatory system, blood is not always contained within blood vessels and is pumped directly into the body cavity. In a closed circulatory system, blood is contained within blood vessels and is pumped through the body by the heart.
What are erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets?
Erythrocytes are red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen. Leukocytes are white blood cells involved in the immune response. Platelets are cell fragments that play a role in blood clotting.
Human heart structure? Pathway of blood to and through the heart.
The human heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. Blood enters the right atrium from the body, is pumped to the lungs from the right ventricle, returns to the left atrium from the lungs, and is pumped to the body from the left ventricle.
Why are coronary arteries important?
because they supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, allowing it to function properly.
What is hypertension, stroke, and heart attack? What are major causes?
Hypertension is high blood pressure, stroke is a disruption of blood supply to the brain, and a heart attack is a blockage of blood flow to the heart. Major causes include atherosclerosis, which leads to narrowing of the arteries.
Describe the job of the following vessels: veins, arteries, capillaries.
Veins carry blood back to the heart,
arteries carry blood away from the heart, and
capillaries allow for the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and tissues.
What does the pacemaker (SA node) of the heart do?
initiates the heartbeat by sending electrical signals to the atria, causing them to contract and pump blood into the ventricles.
Urinary/ Reproductive
What are the parts of the kidney?
The parts of the kidney include the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule), proximal convoluted tubule, loop of the nephron (loop of Henle), distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, and glomerulus.
What do the kidneys do?
pertonic urine, which involves the reabsorption of water from the loop of the nephron and the collecting duct.
Excretion is a process in which ….metabolic wastes… is (are) removed from the body.
The main nitrogenous waste excreted by terrestrial amphibians and mammals is UREA
What is the nephron? Filtrate?
Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. Filtrate is the fluid that is filtered from the blood in the glomerulus.
Water follows sodium ions out of the renal filtrate in the tubules and into blood by means of OSMOSIS___.
The main component of urine?
Water
What is the epididymis?
Is a coiled tube where sperm are stored and matured
What is the purpose of the urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra?
Urinary bladder stores urine until it is eliminated, the ureters conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder, and the urethra is the tube through which urine is voided.
In a vasectomy, what is removed?
A portion of the vas deferens is removed.
Where is sperm produced? Where does sperm go to mature and be stored?
Sperm is produced testes, until it goes to the epidymis to mature and be stored
List the male and female accessory organs.
Male accessory organs are seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland. Female accessory organs are the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagin*.
The uterine lining sloughs off at what point in the female cycle?
The uterine lining sloughs off during menstruation.
Fertilization takes place where?
In the fallopian tubes
In the human male, the tube used to carry both sperm and urine is the?
Uretha
What is the main sex hormone in male humans? In the female?
Male is testosterone, female is estrogen.
When an egg erupts from a follicle, the chamber that remains and secretes hormones is the corpus luteum___.
The hormone produced by cells around the embryo that maintains the corpus luteum and pregnancy is hGC .
What is the job of the placenta? To provide oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and remove waste products from the fetus’s blood.
Which STDs are bacterial? Viral?
Bacteria STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Viral STDs include HIV, herpes, and HPV.
What is population, community, ecosystem, biosphere?
Population: a group of same species that live in a particular area
Community: populations of different species in the same environment
Ecosystem: is a community of living organisms
Biosphere: is the zone of the Earth’s soil, water and air where organisms are found.
What is a niche? Habitat? Habitat fragmentation?
Niche: the role a species plays in its environment.
Habitat: the specific area where an organism lives and reproduces.
Habitat fragmentation: occurs when large , continuous habitats are divided into smaller patches.
What is a symbiotic relationship? Commensalism, parasitism, mutualism?
Symbiotic relationship: a close association between two different species. This can include Commensalism, parasitism, mutualism.
Characteristics of major biomes: Tundra, Rain forest, grasslands, etc.
Tundra: ice-covered polar seas in the Northern
Rain forest: regions with warm weather and plentiful rainfall.
Grassland:
What is a keystone species?
A species that has large effect on its environment and crucial for maintaining the balance of the ecosystem.
What is population density? Example.
Is the number of individuals per unit area. An example could be 100 deer per square kilometer.
How does immigration and births affect the size of a population?
By increasing the number of individuals in the population.
What does endangered mean?
A species is at risk of becoming extinct.
What is the biggest threat to biodiversity? How if biodiversity valuable to humans?
Biggest threat is habitat loss and degration.
Biodiversity is valuable to humans as it provides ecosystem services such as clean air and water, food, and medicine.
What is carrying capacity? What happens to the population size when this occurs?
Is the maximum population size that an environment can sustain.
When this occur, the population size stabilizes.
What are examples of density dependent and density independent factors?
Density-dependent factors are factors that affect a population based on its size, such as competition for resources. Density- independent factors affect a population regardless of its size, such as natural disaster.
Approximately what percentage of the energy in one trophic level is incorporated into the next trophic level? Energy flow begins with?
Aproximately 10% of the energy. Energy flow begins with producers, which convert sunlight into organic nutrients.
What is the competitive exclusion principle?
Competitive exclusive principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time.
What is predation?
Is the act of one living organism, the predator, feeding on another, the prey.
What is the difference in primary succession and secondary succession?
Primary succession occurs in an area that has never been colonized before.
Secondary succession occurs in an area that has been disturbed but still retain some soil
What are biomes? Know characteristics of the major biomes.
Biomes are large geographic areas with similar climate.
Major biomes include tundra, rainforest and grasslands.
What are greenhouse gases?
Are gasses that trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global warming.
How has climate change affected hurricanes and other severe precipitation events?
climate change affected hurricanes and other severe precipitation events by increasing their frequency and intensity.
Compare renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy.
Renewable sources of energy are sources that are replenished naturally , such as solar and wind power.
Nonreweable sources are finite , such as fossils fuels.
What is sustainable development?
Is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
